3m earplugs lawsuit update - Sep 21, 2021 · Veteran and current service members and others have so far filed more than 250,000 claims and lawsuits against 3M contending that the earplug’s design was defective and led to hearing loss and ...

 
Aug 30, 2023 · New York CNN — 3M has agreed to pay $6 billion to resolve roughly 300,000 lawsuits alleging that the manufacturing company supplied faulty combat earplugs to the military that resulted in... . Lowepercent27s prequalify

Aug 10, 2022 · Aearo filed for bankruptcy on July 26 and said it had committed $1 billion to resolve the earplug litigation. In a motion filed last Thursday, veteran Guy Cupit argued that 3M, which has not ... This was due to the dismissals of many cases due to lack of supporting documents. As of June 2, 2023, negotiations are going on in the 3M earplug lawsuit.On June 16,2023, 3M Co. filed an appeal with the Eleventh Circuit in an attempt to overturn a $50 million verdict related to earplugs.The compensation you will receive if you struggle with a form of hearing impairment as a consequence of using the defective 3M Combat Arms earplugs highly depends on the severity of your diagnosis. In 2018, 3M agreed to pay $9.1 million to settle a whistleblower lawsuit Plaintiff lawyers claim Combat Arms 2 earplugs distributed to service members from 2008 to 2015 were defective due to poor design and because 3M failed to provide adequate instructions. 3M says ...Dec 23, 2022 · Saying 3M has engaged in “bad faith manipulation,” a federal judge quashed the company’s effort to shift responsibility for an avalanche of military earplug lawsuits to a bankrupt subsidiary. Aug 2, 2022 · Philips CPAP Lawsuit Update. ... Military service members between 2003 and 2015 may be eligible for a 3M earplug lawsuit payout over hearing damage or tinnitus. Find out if you may be eligible for ... Dec 23, 2022 · Saying 3M has engaged in “bad faith manipulation,” a federal judge quashed the company’s effort to shift responsibility for an avalanche of military earplug lawsuits to a bankrupt subsidiary. 3M Earplug Lawsuit Latest News & Update July 1, 2022 - 3M faces potentially $7.63 billions in lawsuits over earplugs. 3M to begin court-ordered settlement talks over military earplugs, following lawsuits by thousands of soldiers.Dec 15, 2022 · December 2022 3M Earplug Lawsuit Update. Recently, 3M has taken the stance that it can not be held independently liable for the earplugs developed by Aearo, which plaintiffs lawyers have called an ... A 3M Co subsidiary on Wednesday criticized the way federal courts have handled 290,000 consolidated lawsuits over allegedly defective earplugs it made for the U.S. military, saying that the ...The 3M earplugs lawsuit has been settled by the manufacturing company after agreeing to pay the $6 billion settlement. The Minnesota-based chemical and consumer product manufacturer has been accused of selling faulty earplugs to U.S. service members. However, despite paying billions of dollars, 3M still denied that its earplugs have faulty designs.Sep 4, 2023 · As of October 2022, over 250,000 lawsuits have been filed against 3M by U.S. military veterans, current service members, and others, alleging that the design of 3M Combat Arms earplugs was defective. The plaintiffs claim they suffered hearing loss and tinnitus caused by defective earplug use. Related Article: 3M Earplug Lawsuits Info. Mar 15, 2023 · After a whistleblower suit was filed in 2016, accusing 3M of selling “dangerously defective” earplugs, the company agreed to pay $9.1 million to the Department of Justice to resolve the ... A committee representing hundreds of thousands of veterans pursuing earplug hearing loss lawsuits is urging a federal bankruptcy court to dismiss a filing last year by 3M Company’s Aearo ...3M Earplug Lawsuit Updates – May 2023 The St. Paul-based manufacturer and merchant of these yellow and dark green earplugs, 3M , has a product named Combat Arms Earplug Version 2 or CAEv2. They were established by a company acquired by 3M in 2008 called, Aearo Technologies. Red November 3, 2022 at 10:30 pm. James, your lawyer isn't wrong. Initially, 3M offered $1 billion and the lawyers rejected the offer. If you divide $1 billion into the 230,000 claimants, you are ...Sep 21, 2021 · Veteran and current service members and others have so far filed more than 250,000 claims and lawsuits against 3M contending that the earplug’s design was defective and led to hearing loss and ... Jul 27, 2022 · A 3M Co subsidiary on Wednesday criticized the way federal courts have handled 290,000 consolidated lawsuits over allegedly defective earplugs it made for the U.S. military, saying that the ... Red November 3, 2022 at 10:30 pm. James, your lawyer isn't wrong. Initially, 3M offered $1 billion and the lawyers rejected the offer. If you divide $1 billion into the 230,000 claimants, you are ...According to his lawsuit, Vilsmeyer brought fifteen claims against 3M from injuries he alleges were caused by his use of the Combat Arms Earplug version 2 (“CAEv2”), and his wife filed for ...Veteran and current service members and others have so far filed more than 250,000 claims and lawsuits against 3M contending that the earplug’s design was defective and led to hearing loss and ...A 2016 whistleblower lawsuit against 3M company exposed this negligence for the first time. They were accused of knowingly selling defective earplugs that damaged the hearing of thousands of soldiers. 3M tried to quickly (and quietly) settle without admitting liability by paying $9.1 million to the US Department of Justice.Law Firms. (Reuters) - A federal judge has slashed a jury award to a U.S. Army veteran who said his hearing was damaged by combat earplugs sold by 3M Co to the military from $55 million to $21.7 ...Roughly 260,000 lawsuits have been filed over the earplugs. 3M has agreed to pay $6 billion to settle about 260,000 lawsuits claiming that earplugs that US troops were issued between 2003 and 2015 ...The distribution to 500,000 veterans who used the earplugs will result in a almost nominal settlement. It’s usually a tiered system. 1- people who have legitimate claims with evidence 2- people with less 3- people who just used them. The bottom tiers will get the crumbs which is the majority. 4.Aug 28, 2023 · Aug 28 (Reuters) - 3M (MMM.N) on Monday agreed to pay $6.01 billion to settle nearly 260,000 lawsuits by current and former U.S. military service members who say they suffered hearing loss from... Jul 24, 2023 · 3M’s dark chapter deepens as CEO faces beaten down investors. July 24, 2023 Updated Mon., July 24, 2023 at 5:53 p.m. 1 of 2. Mike Roman, chief executive officer of 3M, is facing challenges on ... Jurors in Pensacola, Florida, awarded $50 million to Luke Vilsmeyer, a U.S. Army veteran who said that after using 3M's Combat Arms Earplugs Version 2 from 2006 to 2017 primarily during training ...The U.S. District Judge presiding over all 3M earplug hearing loss lawsuits has ordered both the manufacturer and plaintiffs to resume settlement talks, after a months-long pause, while awaiting a ...Aug 10, 2022 · Aearo filed for bankruptcy on July 26 and said it had committed $1 billion to resolve the earplug litigation. In a motion filed last Thursday, veteran Guy Cupit argued that 3M, which has not ... Sep 21, 2021 · Veteran and current service members and others have so far filed more than 250,000 claims and lawsuits against 3M contending that the earplug’s design was defective and led to hearing loss and ... Philips CPAP Lawsuit Update. ... Military service members between 2003 and 2015 may be eligible for a 3M earplug lawsuit payout over hearing damage or tinnitus. Find out if you may be eligible for ...3M owes $58 million to two veterans in latest combat earplug trials. 3M on appeal says first trial in massive earplug litigation went 'off the rails' 3M hit with $110 million verdict in latest U.S ...Older Updates. August 27, 2022: Filing bankruptcy protection for its subsidiary does not excuse 3M from defending lawsuits in the 3M earplug class action, a federal bankruptcy judge ruled yesterday. This means the 3M earplug trials for 2023 are back on track. March 15, 2022: The Wilkerson bellwether trial is underway.As of October 2022, over 250,000 lawsuits have been filed against 3M by U.S. military veterans, current service members, and others, alleging that the design of 3M Combat Arms earplugs was defective. The plaintiffs claim they suffered hearing loss and tinnitus caused by defective earplug use. Related Article: 3M Earplug Lawsuits Info.A 2016 whistleblower lawsuit against 3M company exposed this negligence for the first time. They were accused of knowingly selling defective earplugs that damaged the hearing of thousands of soldiers. 3M tried to quickly (and quietly) settle without admitting liability by paying $9.1 million to the US Department of Justice.The distribution to 500,000 veterans who used the earplugs will result in a almost nominal settlement. It’s usually a tiered system. 1- people who have legitimate claims with evidence 2- people with less 3- people who just used them. The bottom tiers will get the crumbs which is the majority. 4.The first 3M earplug MDL trial (called a "bellwether trial") happened in early 2021. The bellwether trial process is supposed to save resources, promote efficiency, and potentially lead to a global settlement of the roughly 260,000 lawsuits joined in the MDL action. Now let's take a closer look at factors that have the biggest impact on how ... 3M Earplug Lawsuit Updates – May 2023 The St. Paul-based manufacturer and merchant of these yellow and dark green earplugs, 3M , has a product named Combat Arms Earplug Version 2 or CAEv2. They were established by a company acquired by 3M in 2008 called, Aearo Technologies. 3M has lost 10 of the 16 earplug cases that have gone to trial so far, with about $265 million being awarded in total to 13 plaintiffs. 3M's bankruptcy strategy mirrors a similar effort by Johnson ...May 9, 2022 · The lawsuits claim 3M’s combat arms earplug version 2, which was dual-sided, could imperceptibly slip in the ear canal and exposed the wearer to damage, including hearing loss or tinnitus. Aug 27, 2022 · 3M subsidiary Aearo Technologies LLC filed for bankruptcy protection in Indiana on July 26, seeking to resolve lawsuits alleging that 3M's Combat Arms Earplugs Version 2 (CAEv2) caused hearing ... Dec 15, 2022 · December 2022 3M Earplug Lawsuit Update. Recently, 3M has taken the stance that it can not be held independently liable for the earplugs developed by Aearo, which plaintiffs lawyers have called an ... A 3M Co subsidiary on Wednesday criticized the way federal courts have handled 290,000 consolidated lawsuits over allegedly defective earplugs it made for the U.S. military, saying that the ...Roughly 260,000 lawsuits have been filed over the earplugs. 3M has agreed to pay $6 billion to settle about 260,000 lawsuits claiming that earplugs that US troops were issued between 2003 and 2015 ...December 2022 3M Earplug Lawsuit Update. Recently, 3M has taken the stance that it can not be held independently liable for the earplugs developed by Aearo, which plaintiffs lawyers have called an ...Jun 23, 2023 · More than 6,000 pending 3M earplug lawsuit cases were dismissed at the end of March 2023 and 2,834 new plaintiffs were added, making a total of pending cases in the MDL as 262,426. On April 20, 2023, a bankruptcy judge in Indiana heard the arguments on a motion to dismiss the 3M's bankruptuncy. Jun 30, 2021 · Law Firms. Third bellwether trial in Pensacola results in $1.7 million against 3M. Jury finds 3M liable for 62% and plaintiff 38% liable. (Reuters) - A federal jury on Friday found that 3M Co ... Facing thousands of lawsuits from U.S. service members who said 3M earplugs failed to protect their hearing, the manufacturing giant announced it is committing $1 billion to a trust to resolve the ...Key Points. 3M must face more than 230,000 lawsuits accusing it of selling defective earplugs to the U.S. military, after a U.S. judge on Friday ruled that the bankruptcy of a subsidiary did not ...3M’s $6 Billion Earplug Accord Risks Failure If Veterans Reject Deal. Thousands per veteran may not be enough given hearing loss; Injured ex-service members won $265 million in early trialsApr 4, 2023 · Federal appeals court judges on Tuesday appeared skeptical of 3M's bid to use the bankruptcy of its subsidiary Aearo Technologies to shield itself from nearly 260,000 lawsuits over allegedly ... Jul 26, 2022 · Earplug manufacturer 3M announced Tuesday, July 26, 2022, that the company has set aside more than $1 billion to resolve the more than 290,000 pending cases from veterans who claim the company’s ... Jul 7, 2022 · June 5, 2022 - A federal jury in FL ruled 3M has to pay $77.5 million to James Beal, an army veteran whose lawsuit alleged the 3M’s faulty earplugs caused hearing loss and ringing in his ears. June 1, 2022 - Around 290,000 U.S. soldiers are suing 3M over defective earplugs. ___________. Unfortunately, that is what happened to thousands of ... Aug 31, 2023 · 3M Earplug Lawsuit Updates As of August 2023, over 300,000 cases had been filed towards the 3M lawsuit. Judge M. Casey Rodgers, who oversaw the lawsuit, had reported that the increasing amounts of nonviable cases being created was an obstacle to reaching the settlement. 3M Earplug Lawsuit Latest News & Update July 1, 2022 - 3M faces potentially $7.63 billions in lawsuits over earplugs. 3M to begin court-ordered settlement talks over military earplugs, following lawsuits by thousands of soldiers.3M has agreed to pay more than $6 billion to consumers and military members who alleged the company's ear plugs were defective and caused hearing loss, tinnitus and other hearing-related injuries.Latest 3M Earplug Lawsuit Updates. As of August 3, 2023, there were 257,449 3M Combat Arms Earplug lawsuits pending out of the 339,510 that were originally filed. June 2023: A federal judge denied 3M’s Chapter 11 bankruptcy filing in military earplug lawsuits. May 2023: According to the minutes of mediation proceedings of the second day of ...August 2023 Update: A 3M earplug lawsuit settlement was reached on August 28, 2023, providing roughly $6 billion in funds to resolve allegations raised in more than 250,000 lawsuits filed by U.S ...3M Co. parried questions Monday from judges on an Eleventh Circuit panel who seemed open to affirming four veterans’ hearing-loss verdicts and a crucial, underlying lower-court ruling denying immunity for defects in the company’s combat earplugs. The case could knock out all of the suits in the potentially billion-dollar litigation if 3M ...Oct 11, 2022 · The litigation, which started back in 2018, after a whistle-blower filed a lawsuit against 3M (MMM) revealing allegations that 3M (MMM) and its subsidiary, Aearo Technologies, had knowingly sold defective dual-ended Combat Arms earplugs to the United States Military. This case resulted in a $9.1m (£8.2m) settlement with the Department of ... Apr 4, 2023 · Federal appeals court judges on Tuesday appeared skeptical of 3M's bid to use the bankruptcy of its subsidiary Aearo Technologies to shield itself from nearly 260,000 lawsuits over allegedly ... In a startling settlement in July 2018, the 3M corporation agreed to pay $9.1 million in a False Claims Act lawsuit to settle allegations that it knowingly supplied the United States military with defective earplugs. The lawsuit brought on behalf of the government alleged that the company covered up the fact that the dual-ended earplugs could slightly loosen, allowing hearing damage to occur ... Oct 13, 2022 · 3M Co. (NYSE: MMM) will get another chance to shield itself against hundreds of thousands of liability lawsuits over its military-issue earplugs, as a federal appeals court agreed to hear the ... Saying 3M has engaged in “bad faith manipulation,” a federal judge quashed the company’s effort to shift responsibility for an avalanche of military earplug lawsuits to a bankrupt subsidiary.Saying 3M has engaged in “bad faith manipulation,” a federal judge quashed the company’s effort to shift responsibility for an avalanche of military earplug lawsuits to a bankrupt subsidiary.Aug 28 (Reuters) - 3M (MMM.N) on Monday agreed to pay $6.01 billion to settle nearly 260,000 lawsuits by current and former U.S. military service members who say they suffered hearing loss from...For the latest updates on the 3M litigation, check out: 3M Combat Earplugs Lawsuits: History and Developments. Earplug Defect Cases Can Be Complicated Most 3M earplug lawsuits rely on the legal concept of product liability , in which a plaintiff seeks to hold a manufacturer responsible for health problems caused by an unreasonably dangerous or ...Sep 2, 2023 · 3M Earplug Lawsuit Update | Get the Right Lawyer. The 3M Company has been ordered to pay nearly $10 million over claims it knowingly sold the U.S. Federal Government defective military earplugs which could cause hearing loss, hearing damage, tinnitus, and other ear problems. Published by Collen Clark. Last Updated: September 2, 2023. Aug 28 (Reuters) - 3M (MMM.N) on Monday agreed to pay $6.01 billion to settle nearly 260,000 lawsuits by current and former U.S. military service members who say they suffered hearing loss from...Feb 3, 2023 · 3M Earplugs Lawsuit Updates (2023) On January 7, 2023, 3M reported spending $450 million in attorney’s fees for their lawsuit defense. So, this type of claim has far-reaching consequences for 3M. While reports on January 6, 2023, stated that the lawsuit was in limbo, the new claims brought forward kept emerging – 12 on January 6th and 30 ... 3M subsidiary Aearo Technologies LLC filed for bankruptcy protection in Indiana on July 26, seeking to resolve lawsuits alleging that 3M's Combat Arms Earplugs Version 2 (CAEv2) caused hearing ...Aearo filed for bankruptcy last July, with 3M pledging $1 billion to fund Aearo's liabilities stemming from the lawsuits that accuse both Aearo and 3M of misrepresenting the earplugs' effectiveness.Aug 29, 2023 · 3M, the chemical and manufacturing giant, said on Tuesday that it had reached a $6 billion settlement over claims that it sold defective combat earplugs to the U.S. military. December 21, 2021: The 9th bellwether trial in the 3M earplug lawsuit concluded with a defense verdict last week. The jury determined that Carlos Montero did not prove that 3M’s earplugs were to blame for his hearing loss and gave a verdict in favor of the defense. This victory for 3M in the earplugs lawsuits is only a week after 3Ms most ...June 26, 2022 9:30 am ET. Listen. (2 min) A lawyer for 3M says the earplugs were ‘designed based on our collaboration with the military,’ which is now using newer versions of the product ...Dec 15, 2022 · December 2022 3M Earplug Lawsuit Update. Recently, 3M has taken the stance that it can not be held independently liable for the earplugs developed by Aearo, which plaintiffs lawyers have called an ... 2023-06-30 - The Combat Arms Earplugs Version 2 (CAEv2) was manufactured by Aearo Technologies, Inc. prior to being taken over by 3M in 2008. The dual-ended 3M CAEv2 combat earplugs served as a standard form of military hearing protection in foreign conflicts for more than a decade, from 2002 to 2016. The 3M military earplugs are made of green and yellow with a double-ended design.Jan 6, 2023 · 3:02. 3M Co. has racked up more than $450 million in defense costs as it struggles to fend off allegations defective earplugs it sold to the US military harmed soldiers’ hearing, court filings ... October 14, 2022 Update: The U.S. Court of Appeals for the 7th Circuit has agreed to an expedited review of 3M’s appeal of the bankruptcy court decision that effectively blocked 3M from pulling the 230,000 earplug lawsuits into bankruptcy.January 2023 3M Earplug Lawsuit Update. While any appeal of this ruling is pursued, Judge Rodgers has previously ordered the parties to continue engaging in 3M earplug settlement talks, requiring ...According to Bloomberg, 3M’s stock valuation relative to its competitors implies a discount of about $33 billion due to its earplug lawsuits – 3M shares are worth 19% less than they were in July 2018. After the most recent $110 million settlement, 3M stock prices fell 4% in the days following.Aug 28, 2023 · Aug 28 (Reuters) - 3M (MMM.N) on Monday agreed to pay $6.01 billion to settle nearly 260,000 lawsuits by current and former U.S. military service members who say they suffered hearing loss from... Sep 4, 2023 · As of October 2022, over 250,000 lawsuits have been filed against 3M by U.S. military veterans, current service members, and others, alleging that the design of 3M Combat Arms earplugs was defective. The plaintiffs claim they suffered hearing loss and tinnitus caused by defective earplug use. Related Article: 3M Earplug Lawsuits Info. This was due to the dismissals of many cases due to lack of supporting documents. As of June 2, 2023, negotiations are going on in the 3M earplug lawsuit.On June 16,2023, 3M Co. filed an appeal with the Eleventh Circuit in an attempt to overturn a $50 million verdict related to earplugs.A federal jury on Friday awarded a U.S. Army veteran $8.2 million after finding that combat earplugs sold by 3M Co caused him to suffer hearing loss and tinnitus, the biggest verdict yet against ...The Department of Justice settled the whistleblower lawsuit with 3M for $9.1 million. The whistleblower suit was only to recover money for submitting false claims for government funds. Injured military members still have the right to bring a claim against 3M for their hearing damage.This was due to the dismissals of many cases due to lack of supporting documents. As of June 2, 2023, negotiations are going on in the 3M earplug lawsuit.On June 16,2023, 3M Co. filed an appeal with the Eleventh Circuit in an attempt to overturn a $50 million verdict related to earplugs.

December 21, 2021: The 9th bellwether trial in the 3M earplug lawsuit concluded with a defense verdict last week. The jury determined that Carlos Montero did not prove that 3M’s earplugs were to blame for his hearing loss and gave a verdict in favor of the defense. This victory for 3M in the earplugs lawsuits is only a week after 3Ms most ... . Diet for leaky gut mayo clinic

3m earplugs lawsuit update

The compensation you will receive if you struggle with a form of hearing impairment as a consequence of using the defective 3M Combat Arms earplugs highly depends on the severity of your diagnosis. In 2018, 3M agreed to pay $9.1 million to settle a whistleblower lawsuit Apr 7, 2022 · 3M owes $58 million to two veterans in latest combat earplug trials. 3M on appeal says first trial in massive earplug litigation went 'off the rails' 3M hit with $110 million verdict in latest U.S ... 3M’s $6 Billion Earplug Accord Risks Failure If Veterans Reject Deal. Thousands per veteran may not be enough given hearing loss; Injured ex-service members won $265 million in early trialsThe 3M earplug lawsuit involved over 250,000 US veterans suing the company 3M for their defective combat arms earplug that caused hearing loss, tinnitus and other related problems. With how widespread hearing loss is amongst the veteran population, it is understandable why this 3M earplug lawsuit has been so important.Jul 27, 2022 · A 3M Co subsidiary on Wednesday criticized the way federal courts have handled 290,000 consolidated lawsuits over allegedly defective earplugs it made for the U.S. military, saying that the ... Aug 31, 2023 · On August 29, 2023, 3M agreed to pay $6.01 billion to settle the lawsuits, per the company and lawyers for the plaintiffs. The litigation had gone back and forth and grew into one of the... It’s also in confidential mediation to resolve more than 200,000 lawsuits alleging faulty earplugs it supplied to U.S. combat troops led to hearing damage. Analysts expect a resolution to cost ...In July 2018, the Department of Justice announced that 3M Company agreed to pay $9.1 million "to resolve allegations that it knowingly sold" the same ear plugs at the center of the current ... Aug 29, 2023 · Minnesota veterans blame 3M’s ‘defective’ ear plugs for hearing damage. 3M to pay $2.2M in latest ‘defective’ earplugs lawsuit. Mediation ordered to begin in 3M lawsuit. 3M Co. parried questions Monday from judges on an Eleventh Circuit panel who seemed open to affirming four veterans’ hearing-loss verdicts and a crucial, underlying lower-court ruling denying immunity for defects in the company’s combat earplugs. The case could knock out all of the suits in the potentially billion-dollar litigation if 3M ...Aug 30, 2023 · The 3M earplugs lawsuit has been settled by the manufacturing company after agreeing to pay the $6 billion settlement. The Minnesota-based chemical and consumer product manufacturer has been accused of selling faulty earplugs to U.S. service members. However, despite paying billions of dollars, 3M still denied that its earplugs have faulty designs. 3M Co. parried questions Monday from judges on an Eleventh Circuit panel who seemed open to affirming four veterans’ hearing-loss verdicts and a crucial, underlying lower-court ruling denying immunity for defects in the company’s combat earplugs. The case could knock out all of the suits in the potentially billion-dollar litigation if 3M ...3M earplugs caused hearing loss. Company will settle lawsuit for $6 billion. 3M has agreed to pay more than $6 billion to consumers and military members who alleged the company's ear plugs were ...Sep 27, 2022 · October 2022 3M Earplug Settlement Update. ... With the average 3M earplug lawsuit payout per person likely to range widely depending on the extent and duration of each veteran’s hearing loss ... The U.S. District Judge presiding over all 3M earplug hearing loss lawsuits has scheduled a “Data Day” for February 23, at which time a neutral third party will publicly present an analysis of ...Law Firms. Third bellwether trial in Pensacola results in $1.7 million against 3M. Jury finds 3M liable for 62% and plaintiff 38% liable. (Reuters) - A federal jury on Friday found that 3M Co ...That company is 3M, the St. Paul, Minnesota-based technology and manufacturing giant that supplied a version of Combat Arms earplugs to the U.S. military from 2008 to 2015. Sigmon, 37, has been ...Aug 27, 2022 · 3M subsidiary Aearo Technologies LLC filed for bankruptcy protection in Indiana on July 26, seeking to resolve lawsuits alleging that 3M's Combat Arms Earplugs Version 2 (CAEv2) caused hearing ... .

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